Voting Rights Act of 1965 requires the government to ensure black people have a black politician to speak for them. As the enabling legislation for the 14th and 15th amendments, the VRA has the power of the constitution.
In Thornburg v. Gingles (1986) the United States Supreme Court explained with respect to the 1982 amendment for section 2 that the "essence of a Section 2 claim is that a certain electoral law, practice, or structure interacts with social and historical conditions to cause an inequality in the opportunities enjoyed by black and white voters to elect their preferred representatives."
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